Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Communication and Media

Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Communication and Media

Standardization of Cyber Loafing Questionnaire (CLQ) among the Academic Staff

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
1 Ph.D. of Educational Administration,Department of Educational Administration, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. (Corresponding author)
2 M.A of Human Resources Training and Improvement, Department of Educational Administration, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
10.22034/jiscm.2022.319948.1315
Abstract
With the advancement of new technologies, one of the types of deviant behaviors that has become popular is cyber loafing. Due to the lack of appropriate tools for measuring deviant behavior in the country, the present study was conducted with the aim of standardizing the cyber loafing deviation behavior questionnaire (CLQ). The statistical population of this study included all staff of universities affiliated with the Ministry of Science at four levels of international, national, regional and local levels of performance across the country. The research data were collected from 430 staff members who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method using cyber loafing questionnaire. The results of the validation of the method showed that the internal consistency and stability reliability of the Cyber Loafing Questionnaire by using Cronbach's alpha was 0/89 and by test-retest method was 0/88. Evaluate the content validity, discriminant, and construct of cyber loafing questionnaire confirms the validity of the questionnaire. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses as the main form revealed three correlated but separable dimensions that were "Internet surfing", "Receiving and sending irrelevant e-mail" and "interactive internet dodging". The results of this study showed that the Cyber Loafing Questionnaire (CLQ) is a reliable and valid tool for measuring and screening the cyber loafing of academic staff. As a result, researchers in the field of management of educational organizations, studies of organizational behavior, new technologies and human resource management with the use of this efficient tool in the field of research; Be able to detect the cyber loafing status of employees.
Keywords

ایماندارد، فریبرز (1398). شناسایی و اولویت‌بندی عوامل مؤثر بر شکل‌گیری پدیده پرسه‌زنی اینترنتی در سازمان با رویکرد MADM، پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد رشته مدیریت دولتی، دانشگاه اردکان.
روشن‌ضمیر، سمیرا؛ ایرانی، حمیدرضا؛ و یزدانی، حمیدرضا (1396). «شناسایی عوامل سازمانی مؤثر بر بروز رفتار انحرافی کارکنان (مورد مطالعه: ستاد مرکزی دانشگاه تهران)»، فصلنامه فرهنگ در دانشگاه اسلامی، 7(2)، 183-203.
صمدی میرکلائی، حسین؛ و میارکلائی، حمزه (1399). «توانمندسازی روان‌‌شناختی ابزاری جهت کنترل پرسه‌‌زنی اینترنتی»، فصلنامه فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات در علوم ترییتی، 10 (3): 145-160.
هومن، حیدرعلی (1381). اندازه‌‌گیری‌‌های روانی و تربیتی: فن تهیه تست و پرسشنامه، تهران: نشر پارسا.
 
 
Aghaz, A., Sheikh, A.  (2016). Cyber loafing and Job Burnout:  An Investigation in the Knowledge Intensive Sector, Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 51-60.
Akbulut, Y., Donmez, O., Dursun, O.  O. (2017). Cyber loafing and Social Desirability Bias among Students and Employees, Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 87-95.
Akbulut, Y., Dursun, O. O., Donmez, O., Sahin, Y. L. (2016). In Search of a Measure to Investigate Cyber loafing in Educational Settings, Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 616-625.
Akin, A., Ulukok, E., Arar, T. (2017). Analyzing the Relationship between Organizational Justice and Cyber loafing: A Study in a Public University.4th multidisciplinary conference, Prague, Czechia, 29-30 June 2017.
Askew, K., Buckner, J.  E., Taing, M.  U., Ilie, A., Bauer, J.  A., Coovert, M.  D. (2014).  Explaining Cyber loafing: The Role of the Theory of Planned Behavior, Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 510-519.
Baturay, M.  H., Toker, S.  (2015).  An  Investigation  of  the  Impact  of  Demographics  on  Cyber loafing from an Educational Setting Angle, Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 358-366.
Bebenroth, R., Thiele, K.  O. (2017).  When Organizational Justice Matters for Affective Merger Commitment, Thunderbird International Business Review, 59 (2), 227-24.
Bicen, H.  (2015). Determination of University  Students’ Reasons of Using Social  Networking  Sites in Their Daily Life. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences.190, 519-522.
Blanchard, A. L., Henle, C.  A. (2008). Correlates of Different Forms of Cyber loafing: The Role of Norms and External Locus of Control. Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 1067-1084.
Blau, G., Yang, Y., Ward-Cook, K. (2006). Testing a Measure of Cyber loafing, Journal of allied health, 35(1), 9-17.
D'Arcy, J., Hovav, A., Galletta, D. (2009). User Awareness of Security Countermeasures and its Impacts on Information Systems Misuse: A Deterrence Approach. Information Systems Research, 20(1), 79-98.
Gikas, J., Grant, M. (2013). Mobile Computing Devices in  Higher Education:  Student  Perspectives  on  Learning  with  Cellphones, Smartphones  &  Social  Media.  The Internet and Higher Education, 19, 18-26.
Glassman, J., Prosch, M, Shao, B.  B.  M.  (2015). To Monitor or not to Monitor:  Effectiveness of a Cyber loafing Countermeasure, Information & Management, 52, 170-182.
Henle, C.  A., Kohut, G., Booth, R. (2009). Designing Electronic Use Policies to Enhance Employee Perceptions of Fairness and to Reduce Cyber loafing: An Empirical Test of Justice Theory, Computers in Human Behavior, 25, 902-910.
Huma, Z., Hussain, S., Thurasamy, R., Malik, M.  I. (2017).  Determinants of Cyber loafing:  A Comparative Study of a Public and Private Sector Organization, Internet Research, 27 (1), 97-117.
Isik, F.  (2013).  Comparison  of  The  use  of  Social  Network  in Education  Between  North  and  South  Cyprus.  Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 103, 210-219.
Jandaghi, G., Alvani, S.  M., Matin, H.  Z., Kozekanan, S.  F. (2015).  Cyber loafing Management in Organizations, Journal of Management Studies, 8 (3), 335-349.
Jia, H., Jia, R., Karau, S. (2013). Cyber loafing and Personality: The Impact of the Big Five Traits and Workplace Situational Factors, Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 20 (3), 358-365.
Kaplan, M., Ogot, A. (2012). The Relationship between Perceived Organizational Justice and Cyberloafing: The Case of Hospital Employees, İşletme Faculties Dergisi, 13 (1), 1-13.
Keklik, B., Kılıç, R., Yıldız, H., Yıldız, B.  (2015). an Investigation of the Effect of Cyber loafing Behaviors on Organizational Learning Capacity, Business and Economics Research Journal, 6 (3), 129-144.
Liberman, B., Seidman, G., McKenna, K.  Y., Buffardi, L.  E. (2011).  Employee Job Attitudes and Organizational Characteristics as Predictors of Cyber loafing. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 2192 -2199.
Lim, V.  (2002).  The  IT  Way  of  Loafing  on  the  Job:  Cyber loafing,  neutralizing  and  Organizational  Justice. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(5), 67-78.
Lim, V.  K.  G., Teo, T.  S.  H.  (2005). Prevalence, perceived seriousness, justification and regulation of cyber loafing in Singapore: An exploratory study. Information &   Management, 42(8), 1081-1093.
Malachowski, D.  (2017). Wasted time at work costing companies billions. Salary. Retrieved from http://www.salary.com/careers/layoutscripts.
Milosevic, I., Ivkovic, D., Arsic, S.  (2015). Facebook as Virtual Classroom:  Social Networking in Learning among Serbian Students. Telematics and Informatics. 32, 576-585.
Moore, C., Detert, J.R., Trevino, L. K., Baker, V.L., Mayer, D.M. (2012). Why employees do bad things: Moral disengagement and unethical organizational behavior. Personnel Psychology, 65, 1–48.
Robinson, S. L., Bennett, R. J. (1995). A typology of deviant workplace behaviors: A multidimensional scaling study. Academy of management journal, 38, 55-72.
Sheikh, A., Atashgah, M. S., Adibzadegan, M. (2015). The Antecedents of Cyber loafing: A Case Study in an Iranian Copper Industry, Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 172-179.
Ugrin, J. C., Pearson, J. M. (2013). The Effects of Sanctions and Stigmas on Cyber loafing, Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 812-820.
Ugrin, J. C., Pearson, J. M. (2013). The Effects of Sanctions and Stigmas on Cyber loafing, Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 812-820.
Wang, J., Jackson, L., Wang, H., Gaskin, J. (2015). Predicting Social Networking Site use:  Personality, Attitudes, Motivation and Internet Self-Efficacy. Personality and Individual Differences. 80, 119-124.
Yıldız, H., Yıldız, B., Ateş, H.  (2015).  Is  There  a  Role  of  Organizational  Justice  Perceptions  on Cyber slacking Activities?, Bilgy Economize vet Onetime Derris, 10 (2), 55-66.
Pindek, S., A. Krajcevska and Spector, P.E. (2018). Cyberloafing as a coping mechanism: Dealing with workplace boredom. Computers in Human Behavior, doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.040.
Willison, R., Warkentin, M., Johnston, A.C. (2016). Examining employee computer abuse intentions: insights from justice, deterrence and neutralization perspectives. Information Systems Journal, 28 (2): 266-293.
Cinar, O. and Karcioglu, F.A. (2015). The relationship between cyber loafing and organizational citizenship behavior: A survey study in Erzurum/Turkey. 11th International Strategic Management Conference. Available at: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 207: 444-453.