Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Communication and Media

Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Communication and Media

The Differences of “Fake News” And “Rumor” From The Perspective of Academic Documents, Scholars and Theoreticians of Journalism, News and Communications Sciences

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
Mohammad Hossein Azadi 1
Mohammad Hossein Saei 2
Hadi Alborzi Davati 3
1 MSc Student, Communications Science, Communications and Science Department, University of, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author)
2 IRIB, Communication of Faculty, Professor At University
3 Ph.D in Media Management,Azad University
10.22034/jiscm.2019.89668
Abstract
The widespread dissemination of "fake news" on the social media as the news that deliberately deceives users, has been an important threat to today's interconnected societies. The full recognition of this phenomenon, which has attracted serious attention of media and researchers after the 2016 US election, is crucial for identifying and combating with it. Among all the methods and issues that can help us to understand the fake news, we can understand the differences in this particular concept and other similar concepts that are closely related to the notion of fake news; One of the oldest words in this area is the concept of "Rumor" that at first glance is very close to the concept of fake news; therefore, if a clear explanation of this differences is presented, in fact a more precise meaning of "fake news" can be revealed. In order to achieve this goal, in addition to studying the scientific documents, 17 experts of news and media were interviewed, then by analyzing the data using the thematic analysis, the differences between these two phenomena were presented in three themes "difference in production", "difference in content" and "difference in the audience".
Keywords
News
Fake News
Rumor
Social Media
Network Society

  1. 1.آلپرت جی، دبلیو و لئو پستمن.(1947). روان‌شناسیشایعه، ترجمه ساعد دبستانی. تهران: انتشارات مرکز تحقیقات، مطالعات و سنجش برنامه‌ای صداوسیمای جمهوری اسلامی ایران.
    2. زارعیان، داوود. (1386). شناختافکارعمومی، تهران: جهاد دانشگاهی دانشکده علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه تهران.
    3.سلطانی‌فر، محمد، مریم سلیمی و سیدغلامرضا فلسفی. (1396). «اخبار جعلی و مهارت‌های مقابله با آن». فصلنامهرسانه، 28(3): 43-69.
    4.عابدی جعفری، حسن، محمدسعید تسلیمی، ابوالحسن فقیهی و محمد شیخ‌زاده. (1390). «تحلیل مضمون و شبکه مضامین: روشی ساده و کارآمد برای تبیین الگوهای موجود در داده‌های کیفی».فصلنامهاندیشهمدیریتراهبردی، 5 (2): 151-198.
    5.مهدی‌زاده، سیدمحمد. (1396). نظریه‌هایرسانه: اندیشه‌هایرایجودیدگاه‌هایانتقـادی، تهران: همشهری.
    6.نصر، صلاح. (1380). جنگروانی (کلامی)، ترجمه محمود حقیقت کاشانی. تهران: انتشارات سروش.
    7.وندایـک، جـان. (1384). «قدرت و سیاسـت در جامعه شـبکه‌ای». ترجمه اسـماعیل یزدان‌پور. فصلنامهرسانه، (6): 121-161.

    ب) منابع لاتین

      1. Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of economic perspectives, 31(2), 211-36.
      2. Balmas, M. (2014). When fake news becomes real: Combined exposure to multiple news sources and political attitudes of inefficacy, alienation, and cynicism. Communication Research, 41(3), 430-454.
      3. Baumgartner, J., & Morris, J. S. (2006). The Daily Show effect: Candidate evaluations, efficacy, and American youth. American Politics Research, 34(3), 341-367.
      4. Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Sage.
      5. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
      6. Cai, G., Wu, H., & Lv, R. (2014, August). Rumors detection in chinese via crowd responses. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (pp. 912-917). IEEE Press.
      7. DiFonzo, N., & Bordia, P. (2007). Rumor, gossip and urban legends. Diogenes, 54(1), 19-35.
      8. Gottfried, Jeffrey. & Shearer, Elisa. (2016). News Use Across Social Media Platforms 2016. Pew Research Center. Published May 26, 2016. https://www.journalism.org/2016/05/26/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2016/.
      9. Kemp, S. (2018). Digital in 2018: World’s internet users pass the 4 billion mark. We are social.
      10. Landreville, K. D., Holbert, R. L., & LaMarre, H. L. (2010). The influence of late-night TV comedy viewing on political talk: A moderated-mediation model. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 15(4), 482-498.
      11. Lee, F. L. (2014). The impact of online user-generated satire on young people’s political attitudes: Testing the moderating role of knowledge and discussion. Telematics and Informatics, 31(3), 397-409.
      12. Liang, G., He, W., Xu, C., Chen, L., & Zeng, J. (2015). Rumor identification in microblogging systems based on users’ behavior. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems, 2(3), 99-108.
      13. Lopez, G. (2016). Pizzagate, the Fake News Conspiracy Theory that Led a Gunman to DC’s Comet Ping Pong, Explained. Vox, http://www.vox.com/policy-and politics/2016/12/5/13842258/pizzagate-comet-ping-pong-fake-news.
      14. Paul, C., & Matthews, M. (2016). The Russian “Firehose of Falsehood” Propaganda Model. RAND Corporation.
      15. Ritchie, H. (2016). Read all about it: The biggest fake news stories of 2016. Dostopno na: https://www.cnbc.com/2016/12/30/read-all-about-it-the-biggestfake-news-stories-of-2016.html (22. 2. 2018).
      16. Shu, K., Bernard, H. R., & Liu, H. (2019). Studying fake news via network analysis: detection and mitigation. In Emerging Research Challenges and Opportunities in Computational Social Network Analysis and Mining (pp. 43-65). Springer, Cham.
      17. Shu, K., Sliva, A., Wang, S., Tang, J., & Liu, H. (2017). Fake news detection on social media: A data mining perspective. ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter, 19(1), 22-36.
      18. Silverman, C. (2016). Here Are 50 Of The Biggest Fake News Hits On Facebook From 2016. Retrieved from https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/top-fakenews-of-2016.
      19. Torres, R., Gerhart, N., & Negahban, A. (2018, January). Combating Fake News: An Investigation of Information Verification Behaviors on Social Networking Sites. In Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
      20. Vosoughi, S. (2015). Automatic detection and verification of rumors on Twitter (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology).
      21. Wakefield, Jane. (2016). Social media ‘outstrips TV’ as news source for young people. BBC News. Published 15 June 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-36528256.